Window Glossary

The words you’ll hear when replacing windows and doors in San Francisco, explained in plain English, from sash weights and SDL grids to Low-E glass, retrofit installs and Planning review.

10 terms

Parts of a Window

Sash
The part of the window that holds the glass and, on most styles, moves. A double-hung has two sashes; a picture window has none that open.
Frame
The fixed outer box the sash sits in, made of the head (top), jambs (sides) and sill (bottom).
Meeting rail
The horizontal bar where the upper and lower sashes of a hung window meet, and where the lock usually sits.
Casing and trim
The decorative boards around a window, inside and out. On SF Victorians the exterior trim is often part of what Planning wants preserved.
Sash weights and pockets
Cast iron weights on cords, hidden in hollow pockets beside old double-hung windows, that counterbalance the sash. We remove them and insulate the pockets.
Balance
The spring system in a modern hung window that holds the sash wherever you leave it, replacing old cords and weights.
Tilt-in sash
A hung sash that tips inward so you can clean the outside glass from inside the room.
Mull (mullion)
The joint where two windows are joined side by side or stacked, such as a picture window between two casements.
Transom
A window above a door or another window, common over Edwardian front doors and bay windows.
Sidelite
A narrow fixed glass panel beside a door.
13 terms

Grids and Glass

Grids (muntins)
The bars that divide glass into smaller panes. Patterns include Colonial, Prairie, Craftsman, Victorian and Queen Anne.
True divided lites (TDL)
Separate small panes of glass held by real muntins, as in original wood windows.
Simulated divided lites (SDL)
Bars fixed to both faces of a single insulated glass unit, often with a spacer between, so it reads like true divided lites from the street.
Grids between the glass (GBG)
Bars sealed inside the insulated glass unit. Easy to clean, but flatter looking than SDL.
Insulated glass unit (IGU)
Two or three panes sealed together with a gas-filled space between them.
Low-E coating
A microscopically thin metal coating on the glass that reflects heat and blocks UV. Different coatings suit foggy or sunny exposures.
Argon and krypton
Inert gases sealed between the panes that insulate better than air.
Warm-edge spacer
The strip that separates the panes around the edge, made of materials that conduct less cold than old aluminum spacers, which helps reduce condensation.
Tempered glass
Safety glass that breaks into small, blunt pieces. Required by code in doors, near doors, near tubs and showers and close to the floor.
Laminated glass
Two layers of glass bonded to a plastic interlayer. It stays in place when broken, blocks more noise and UV, and adds security.
Obscure glass
Textured or frosted glass for privacy in bathrooms and street-facing rooms.
Triple-pane
Three panes instead of two, for more insulation and quiet. Most useful in foggy, windy or noisy rooms.
Seal failure
When the seal of an insulated glass unit breaks and moisture gets in, leaving fog between the panes that can’t be cleaned.
7 terms

Ratings and Performance

U-factor
How much heat a window lets escape. Lower is better.
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)
How much of the sun’s heat a window lets in. Lower suits sunny Peninsula walls; in the fog belt it matters less.
Visible transmittance (VT)
How much daylight comes through the glass. Higher means brighter rooms.
NFRC label
The sticker on a new window that lists its tested U-factor, SHGC and VT, so you can compare products fairly.
ENERGY STAR
A federal efficiency label. Windows qualify by meeting U-factor and SHGC limits for the climate zone.
STC and OITC
Sound ratings. STC measures speech and everyday noise; OITC measures low traffic and aircraft noise. Higher is quieter.
Condensation
Water that forms on cold glass. On the inside of old single-pane windows it’s a sign of heat loss; new insulated glass greatly reduces it.
6 terms

Materials

Vinyl (PVC)
A low-maintenance, insulating frame material that never needs paint and doesn’t rot in damp weather.
Fiberglass
A very strong, stable frame material that holds its shape and takes dark colors well.
Wood
The traditional material, warm and paintable inside, and often expected on historic SF facades.
Wood-clad
A wood window with a factory-finished aluminum or vinyl shell outside, so the exterior needs no painting.
Thermally improved aluminum
Aluminum frames with an insulating break between inside and outside, which cuts the cold and condensation old aluminum windows had.
Cellular PVC
A dense, paintable PVC that looks like painted wood but won’t rot.
6 terms

Installation

Retrofit (insert) window
A new window set into the existing frame, so the stucco, siding and trim stay in place. The most common approach for replacements.
Full-frame replacement
Removing the whole old window down to the framing. Used when the frame is rotten, the opening changes, or the best weatherproofing is needed.
Pocket replacement
A retrofit made for old wood windows: the sashes and stops come out and a new unit fits into the old frame, keeping interior and exterior trim.
Nail fin (new construction)
A flange around the window that nails to the framing behind the siding. Used in additions, ADUs and where the wall is open.
Flashing
Waterproof membranes and metal around the opening that steer water out. The most important part of a leak-free install.
Egress window
A bedroom window big enough, and low enough, to climb out of in an emergency, as building code requires.
7 terms

Permits and Rules in SF

DBI
San Francisco’s Department of Building Inspection, which issues the building permit for window replacement and inspects the work.
SF Planning review
Review by the Planning Department for windows that change a building’s look from the street, especially on historic buildings.
Historic resource
A building the city considers historically significant, individually or as part of a district. Street-facing windows usually must match the originals in profile and material.
Historic district
An area such as Alamo Square or Liberty Hill where building exteriors are protected as a group.
Property Information Map
The city’s online map where you can look up your address and see its historic status.
Title 24
California’s energy code. It sets the minimum efficiency for replacement windows, which in practice means insulated Low-E glass.
Permit inspection
The visit after installation where the inspector checks product, flashing, safety glass and egress before closing the permit.
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