Two sashes,
both moving
A double-hung window has an upper and a lower sash that both slide up and down. Lower the top sash and warm air escapes near the ceiling; raise the bottom one and cool air comes in at sill height. In a tall-ceilinged SF flat, opening both is the best natural ventilation you can get.
The originals ran on cotton ropes and cast iron weights hidden in the wall. When the ropes break, the sash slams or won’t stay open. New double-hungs use concealed balances and tilt inward, so you can clean the outside glass on the third floor without a ladder.

